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Nasal irrigation including bacterial lysates on recurrent respiratory infections Isotonic or hypertonic saline solutions delivered by bottle generic 50mg thorazine amex, mainly in children were identifed thorazine 100 mg fast delivery, however buy 50mg thorazine with amex, only 1 bacterial spray purchase 50mg thorazine with visa, pump or nebuliser are frequently used in the treatment lysate trial particularly assessed the efect on chronic of sinus disease, mainly as a supplement to other therapies. Xylitol irrigations result in greater improvement and without previous sinus surgery (1663) and depends on the of symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis as compared to saline application mode (1661,1662). Surfactants reduce water surface tension and evaluation children were also included and no clear separation may help to dissolve bioflms (1745). Baby shampoo contains remained unclear, if patients had undergone previous sinus several surface active agents. Concomitant and co-workers compared isotonic nasal saline spray and medications included antibiotics and oral prednisolone. All outcome parameters were signifcantly better in the nasal douches group than in the nasal spray group 6. Probiotics are living microorganisms that beneft the health the value of nasal douching following sinus surgery was of the host by conditioning the intestinal microenvironment. Nasal douches were used by 22 patients and promote Th1 responses by activating interferon gamma, following sinus surgery in one side of the nasal cavity, three interleukins 12 and 18. The opposite nasal cavity was not placebo-controlled trial, 77 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis irrigated. Presence of adhesions, polyps, crusting, discharge or received either oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 oedema was assessed 3 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. At 3 months, no signifcant diferences between included a symptom frequency score and a medication score. Proton Pump inhibitors Extraesophageal refux has been supposed a possible cause 6. Current data reduce nasal bacterial carriage, otitis media, and dental caries do not provide sufcient evidence for proton pump inhibitor in vivo. Summary are not executed in a uniform way � any one surgeon may do Although trials providing high level evidence are missing, the same procedure in a diferent way from day to day, and that a number of large, well organised prospective studies has is even more true between diferent surgeons). Middle meatal antrostomy as opposed to simple uncinectomy and (targeted) partial removal of the middle turbinate may 6. However, the search for such studies is efcacy of surgical interventions before accepting them not always successful, and in the meanwhile, surgeons have as standard. Essential for evidence-based surgery is a clear to practice with the (best) available evidence. The second study from selection bias, co-intervention and timing bias, publication bias 1997 (1756) assessed patients with isolated maxillary sinusitis and and withdrawal bias). Randomised controlled studies comparing surgery with medical treatment in Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps. Patients with chronic volume, in which the surgical treatment demonstrated greater rhinosinusitis without polyps benefted less from surgery than changes. Major complications were only 2 weeks of erythromycin after surgery while the medical very uncommon. Five year follow up results from almost half of group received 3 months of erythromycin after randomization. Quality of life outcomes Surgeons of England conducted a National Comparative Audit 6. Importantly, the meatal antrostomy and antral irrigations, but superiority to scores improved to the point of reaching general population conventional sphenoethmoidectomy is not yet proven. Outcome parameters included symptom scores, inclusion criteria, outcome measures and types of interventions rhinoscopy scores and nasal saccharin transport time (1766). Additionally, intervention bias Outcome parameters revealed no relevant diferences after (the variability in surgical techniques and in experience between 3, 6 and 12 months, however, recall rates lower than 60% diferent surgeons) should not be underestimated. Recall was below 80% and difered conventional surgery signifcantly between the two groups. Complications specifc to partial middle turbinate associated with greater rates of complete relief of symptoms resection were not observed (Evidence level Ib). Marchioni et al, 22 patients with middle turbinate resection and 34 patients with turbinate preservation were followed for three Conclusion years. Patients without middle turbinate resection were shown Functional endoscopic surgery is superior to conventional to have earlier relapse of polyposis as judged by endoscopy 156 Supplement 23 Figure 6. On the other hand, a number of prospective multicentre studies assessing the balloon catheter systems have been published, which confrm a good safety profle (albeit not complication � free(1773)), but have unclear inclusion criteria, making their results difcult to generalise. Conclusion Although not fully evidence based, the extent of surgery is frequently tailored to the extent of disease, which may appear as a reasonable approach. The decision to preserve or resect the middle turbinate can be left to the discretion of the surgeon based on its disease status. There is not enough data to support the use of balloon catheters as an alternative to standard endoscopic sinus surgery techniques. A recent non randomised prospective study compared patients on which 2/3 of the medial turbinate 6. Revision sinus surgery were removed (on medical reasons) with those where it was Approximately 20% of operated patients respond preserved (1770). A more extensive surgical procedure antrostomy was performed on one side, whereas on the other and also external approaches may be indicated (1767, 1782). The patency rates of the middle meatal antrostomy reported to range between 50 and 70% (762, 1783). Complication were signifcantly higher and the radiological Lund-McKay score rates of revision surgery are higher when compared with was lower 9 months after surgery when compared to the side initial surgery and approximate 1%, but may be as high as with the undisturbed maxillary ostium.

In adults generic 50mg thorazine otc, example purchase thorazine 50 mg on line, is only marginally larger in a primate the ability to buy cheap thorazine 50mg on line perform a specific cognitive pro brain than in a rat brain purchase thorazine 100 mg otc. What has changed cess may be irretrievably assigned to a region most across evolution has been the number of of cortex, and when that area is damaged, the columns. The hugely enlarged sheet of cortical individual not only loses the ability to perform columns in a human brain provides the mas that operation, but also loses the very concept sively parallel processing power needed to per that the information of that type exists. Hence, form a sonata on the piano, solve a differential the individual with a large right parietal infarct equation, or send a rocket to another planet. We cerebral cortex specialize in certain types of have witnessed a patient with a large right pa operations. In a young brain, before school age, rietal lobe tumor who ate only the food on the it is possible for cortical functions to reorga right side of her plate; when done, she would Pathophysiology of Signs and Symptoms of Coma 27 get up and turn around to the right, until the are supplied by a single carotid artery or the remaining food appeared on her right side, as patient has had a subsequent seizure. Similarly, a sively parallel processor introduces the question patient with aphasia due to damage to Wer of how all of these parallel streams of informa nicke�s area in the dominant temporal lobe not tion are eventually integrated into a single con only cannot appreciate the language symbol sciousness, a conundrum that has been called 97,98 content of speech, but also can no longer com the binding problem. Embedded in this prehend that language symbols are an operative question, however, is a supposition: that it is component of speech. Such a patient continues necessary to reassemble all aspects of our ex to speak meaningless babble and is surprised perience into a single whole so that they can that others no longer understand his speech be monitored by an internal being, like a small because the very concept that language sym person or homunculus watching a television bols are embedded in speech eludes him. Although most people believe that they this concept of fractional loss of conscious experience consciousness in this way, there is ness is critical because it explains confusional no a priori reason why such a self-experience states caused by focal cortical lesions. It is also a cannot be the neurophysiologic outcome of the common observation by clinicians that, if the massively parallel processing. For example, to function as a whole, producing a state of people experience the visual world as an un such severe cognitive impairment as to give the broken scene. Thisblind spot can be dem jection of a short-acting barbiturate into the onstrated by passing a small object along the carotid artery to anesthetize one hemisphere so visual horizon until it disappears. However, the that its role in language can be assessed prior visual field is ��seen�� by the conscious self as a to cortical surgery. When the left hemisphere is single unbroken expanse, and this hole is pa acutely anesthetized, the patient gives the ap peredoverwithwhatevervisualmaterialbor pearance of confusion and is typically placid but ders it. If the brain can produce this type of difficult to test due to the absence of language conscious impression in the absence of reality, skills. When the patient recovers, he or she there is no reason to think that it requires a typically is amnestic for the event, as much of physiologic reassembly of other stimuli for pre memory is encoded verbally. Rather, con hemisphere injection, the patient also typically sciousness may be conceived as a property of appears to be confused and is unable to orient the integrated activity of the two cerebral hemi to his or her surroundings, but can answer sim spheres and not in need of a separate physical ple questions and perform simple commands. The experience also may not be remembered Despite this view of consciousness as an clearly, perhaps because of the sudden inability ��emergent�� property of hemispheric informa to encode visuospatial memory. An important principle of exam information streams in the cortical parallel pro ining patients with impaired consciousness is cessor could separately command motor re that the condition is not caused by a lesion whose sponses, human movement would be a hopeless acute effects are confined to a single hemi confusion of mixed activities. A very large space-occupying lesion may is seen in patients in whom the corpus callosum simultaneously damage both hemispheres or has been transected to prevent spread of epi 99 may compress the diencephalon, causing im leptic seizures. In such ��split-brain�� patients, pairment of consciousness, but an acute infarct the left hand may button a shirt and the right of one hemisphere does not. The brain requires a funnel to narrow down the choices from all of the possible modes of action to the single plan of motor behavior that will be pursued. All cortical regions provide input tothe striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleusaccumbens,andolfactorytubercle). A classic optical illusion, illustrating the in pallidum is activated, movement is disinhibited. The image of the ugly, older woman specifically activated by this system, the basal or the pretty younger woman may be seen alternately, but ganglia ensure a smooth and steady, unitary not at the same time, as the same visual elements are used in two different percepts. Instead, the interrelationship of invol Similarly, the brain is capable of following untary movements, which the self feels ��com only one line of thought at a time. The con pelled�� to make, with self-willed movements is scious self is prohibited even from seeing two complex. Patients with movement disorders of equally likely versions of an optical illusion si ten can inhibit the unwanted movements for multaneously. Simi is best considered as an emergent property of larly, if it is necessary to pursue two different brain function, rather than directing it. The stri this view, thought disorders can be conceived atal control of thought processes is implemen as chorea (derailing) and dystonia (fixed delu ted by the outfiow from the ventral striatum to sions) of thought. Release of prefrontal cortex the ventral pallidum, which in turn inhibits the inhibition may even permit it to drive mental mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the relay nu imagery, producing hallucinations. By dis conditions, we have a tendency to believe that inhibiting prefrontal thought processes, the somehow the conscious self is a homunculus striatum ensures that a single line of thought that is being tricked by hallucinatory sensory and a unitary view of self will be expressed experiences or is unable to command thought from the multipath network of the cerebral processes. This case shows the residual area of injury at autopsy 7 months after a pontine hemorrhage. Hence, the evaluation spheres or the ascending arousal system, includ of the comatose patient becomes an exercise in ing the paramedian region of the upper brain applying those principles to the evaluation of a stem or the diencephalon on both sides of the human with brain failure. Conversely, uni lateral hemispheric lesions, or lesions of the Structural Lesions That Cause brainstem at the level of the midpons or below, Altered Consciousness in Humans do not cause coma. Figure 1�9 illustrates sev eral such cases that may cause profound sensory To produce stupor or coma in humans, a dis and motor deficits but do not impair conscious order must damage or depress the function of ness. Lesions of the brainstem may be very large without causing coma if they do not involve the ascending arousal system bilaterally. His stretch refiexes were eosinophilia in the first few days after the in hypoactive, and plantar responses were absent.

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I truly believed order thorazine 50mg amex, within a year of my diagnosis generic 50 mg thorazine overnight delivery, that I would live longer because of the choices I have made generic thorazine 50 mg amex. Determining Priorites Because I do not know how I became infected with the hepatts C virus 100mg thorazine for sale, I do not know when the infecton occurred. But the fact that I was diagnosed prior to developing any signifcant symptoms fgured heavily into my decision-making. I decided early on�being symptom-free�that my treatment goals were two-fold: y to have good health as long as possible y to rid my body of the hepatitis C virus It has always important to me, however, that I never sacrifce the frst goal for the second. It�s a cornerstone of care that I encourage everyone encountering hepatts C to consider building into his or her foundaton. Chapter 23: Choosing: My Journey Through Hepatitis C Exploring �Whether you think you can or you think you can�t, you�re right. It refers to a multdimensional way of looking at health and healing that brings together Western medicine�s scientfc model and Eastern approaches to health. Where western medicine has traditonally focused on the physical, an integratve approach emphasizes that we�re also emotonal, spiritual, and mental beings. If we are to have true health, all these components must be considered, along with our cultural experiences, our environment, and the fact that our lives are forever changing. It ft well with my personal philosophy of �navigatng life� �a philosophy wrapped up in one of my favorite jokes. I integrated all the things we�ve been told are �optmal� but never wanted to consider: diet, exercise, stress management, supplements, positve menal attude, juicing, yoga, meditaton, and support. Live a health-centered lifestyle over an extended period of tme and the efect is tremendously powerful. Progression of Hepatts C in an Individual Patent +")$&& 361 Copyright � 2008, Caring Ambassadors Program, Inc. Caring Ambassadors Hepatitis C Choices: 4th Edition We know that, over tme, the hepatts C virus causes progressive liver damage. A person�s general well-being, health habits, genetcs, and many other factors come into play � which means that while the life span of someone with hepatts C may well be afected, it is not with a precise calibraton. I know people who have lived with the hepatts C virus for more than four decades and are stll considered to be in phase I of the disease process. They may die with hepatts C, but is unlikely the virus will be the primary cause of their demise. As to my own treatment for hepatts C, I did not have a data baseline for tracking disease progression because I did not know when I became infected. Moreover, I had received divergent opinions from the doctors who read my liver biopsies, a frustraton I�ll expand upon later. Sufce it so say that the same biopsy garnered a stage 2 from one professional, and a stage 3 from another. Since I didn�t have certainty about where I was in terms of disease progression and I wasn�t ready for interferon-based treatment, I focused my full atenton on making those �optmal lifestyle changes. Altering the Progression of Hepatts C With Lifestyle Changes +/0"1(2& 3%4*%$55"46, -. Knowing nutriton�s positve efect on cellular restoraton, I could improve my diet (B). And knowing how stress compromises natural immunity, I could exercise, practce relaxaton, meditate, take supplements, have regular bodywork sessions, and more (C+D). Even if each of these changes improved my odds only a few percentage points, I reasoned that the cumulatve efect could prove signifcant. And I was learning more all the tme about how wellness works: y the better you eat, the fewer supplements you need to take. Getting rid of the stress that comes from monotony and constant pressure�what I call �production line stress��is good. Staying challenged and motivated can also create stress, but it�s a positive force and can be balanced with relaxation, meditation, and exercise. Your system didn�t get out of sync overnight, and it won�t heal with a day or week of healthy living. Chapter 23: Choosing: My Journey Through Hepatitis C One of my doctors asked me why such a �normal guy� who studies all the data with such intensity �would try so many things on the outer edges of medicinefi When exploring optons, I would ask about success rates (even if anecdotal), side efects, and the medical theory of why it works. If I did try it, I would track the results to see if my experience was congruent with the informaton I had received in advance. Integrated Professional Care Throughout my journey through hepatts C, I have made decisions based on the best data I could get. It�s been my practce to correlate the results of my Western medicine tests with the fndings of my acupuncturist, medical intuitve, chiropractor, and BioScan� practtoner. When they have conficted, I took it as a �boat and helicopter� to keep investgatng. It provided my diagnosis, which gave me the opportunity to make lifestyle changes, such as stopping alcohol. It has given me informaton�through successive liver biopsies and regular enzyme blood tests�of the damage done to my liver by the virus. And, as I�ll detail later, it ofered the interferon-based treatment I elected eight years afer my diagnosis.

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Membranous nephropathy in children: clinical standard therapy for membranous nephropathy and focal segmental presentation and therapeutic approach thorazine 100 mg online. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in children purchase thorazine 100mg overnight delivery. Prophylactic oral anticoagulation in nephrotic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis order 50 mg thorazine otc. Nephritis-associated plasmin with idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: a long-term receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: follow-up order 100mg thorazine fast delivery. Membranoproliferative Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective glomerulonephritis. J Pediatr 1990; guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of 116: S109�S114. Membranoproliferative ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus-related systemic glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatitis C and renal and ribavirin of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: disease: an update. Am J hepatitis C virus�associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: a long Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 69�82. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: of mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon alpha with an anti 975�982. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus active cryoglobulinaemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial associated with hepatitis C virus infection by means of the sequential treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Hepatitis B treatment: Lessons for the patients with hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemic nephrologist. A risk allele for focal in patients with hepatitis C-associated renal disease and renal segmental glomerulosclerosis in African Americans is located within insufficiency. Immune complex renal disease and human cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1980; 74: viral suppression and non-viral factors on quantitative proteinuria in the 615�618. Am J Nephrol 1995; 15: Salmonella bacteremia: the role of schistosomal glomerulopathy. Nephrol Dial nephropathy: clinical and histological response to methylprednisolone Transplant 2006; 21: 672�676. Kidney Int 2006; 69: interventions in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta 1455�1458. Clinicopathological influence of association with subsequent end-stage renal disease in IgA obesity in IgA nephropathy: comparative study of 74 patients. Prednisolone co-administered with nephropathy: rationale, clinicopathological correlations, and losartan confers renoprotection in patients with IgA nephropathy. Treatment of severe IgA converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with nephropathy with omega-3 fatty acids: the effect of a 00very low dose00 IgA nephropathy. Lancet children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage and size 1999; 353: 2159�2160. A randomized trial of high multicenter trial on steroids plus ramipril in proteinuric IgA dose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol function during episodes of macroscopic hematuria in IgA nephropathy. Macroscopic hematuria in mesangial IgA corticosteroids does not benefit patients with IgA nephropathy. Participation of extracapillary childhood IgA nephropathy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: and significant proteinuria in childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Treatment-based literature of Henoch-Schonlein adult patients with severe Henoch Schonlein Purpura. Two aspects of the clinical and in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo humanistic burden of systemic lupus erythematosus: mortality risk and controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: severe Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with prednisone and 542�545. Cyclosporin A for the Microalbuminuria and renal morphology in the evaluation of subclinical treatment of severe Henoch-Schonlein glomerulonephritis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura 549�557. Randomised placebo of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose controlled trial to assess the role of early prednisolone on the intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Schonlein purpura in adulthood and childhood: two different Rheum 2002; 46: 2121�2131. Predictors of outcome in Henoch glomerulonephritis: an underused therapeutic option. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of glomerulonephritis: a comparison of two cyclophosphamide-containing lupus nephritisfi Long-term study of mycophenolate of the new biologicals and other emerging therapies. Efficacy of enteric-coated azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis.

Catastrophic Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies) thorazine 50mg on line. Pediatric cata ment of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: importance of strophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analysis of 45 patients the type of fluid replacement order thorazine 100mg on-line. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Candidate ther Antiphospholipid Syndrome generic 100 mg thorazine free shipping. The role of therapeutic plasma agement of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehen exchange in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome buy 100 mg thorazine mastercard. The two cardinal symptoms are progressive neurological deficits and intractable seizures, often in the form of epilepsia partialis continua and recurring epileptic status. Late onset presentations are characterized by a slower clinical course and less serve neurologic deficits. Several patients have presented with progressive neurologic decline without seizures. The etiology is unknown, but antecedent infection with Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, or cytomegalovirus has been implicated. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is typically normal, although mild lym phocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein may be found. Histopathologic features show microglial and lymphocytic nodules with perivascular cuffing, neuronal death, and neurophagia progressing to cortical cavitation, astrogliosis, and neural loss. These findings suggest both immune media tion of both adaptive immunity via T lymphocyte responses, and innate immunity characterized by microglia and astroglia. Current management/treatment Treatment aims to reduce seizure activity and frequency and improve functional long-term outcome, as measured by both motor and cognitive per formance. Anticonvulsants are necessary but not always effective, nor do they arrest progression. In general, immunotherapy slows disease progression, but none has halted nor cured the disease, and has a lesser effect on total seizure burden. Intravenous methylprednisolone and oral pred nisone given for up to 24 months in a tapering schedule may help to diminish the intractable focal seizures and motor deficits during the first year of onset and before hemiplegia develops. Some authors recommend intravenous methylpred nisolone (400 mg/m2 every other day for 3 infusions followed by monthly infusions for the first year) and prednisone (2 mg/kg/day tapered over 1-2 years) if further treatment is needed. A case series of adult-onset Rasmussen�s encephalitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Late-onset Ras sen encephalitis and apheresis, plasmapheresis, plasma exchange, immu mussen encephalitis: a literature appraisal. Whisen and T, Cauley K, Crain B, of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. The initial choice is often based on ease of administration, cost, availability, and side effects. Long-term regular plasmapheresis as a maintenance treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Therapeutic plasma exchange in plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption for articles published in the English patients with neurological diseases: multicenter retrospective analysis. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic acquired demyelinating patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropahty. This serious complication occurs in 20-30% and 3-5% of patients with hemophilia A and B, respectively. Monoclonal proteins may also bind to coagulation factors leading to acquired deficiency or functional defects (laboratory assays of coagulation function may not accurately reflect the hemostatic derangement and bleeding risk). The bleeding tendency with factor inhibitors is due to clearance of the specific factor and/or direct inhibition of factor function. Current management/treatment Therapy for patients with coagulation inhibitors is based on diagnosis, presence of bleeding and inhibitor titer. The role of intensive immunoadsorption, plasmapheresis, plasma exchange for articles published plasma exchange in the prevention and management of haemorrhage in in the English language. Plasmapheresis in immune hematology: review of clinical to post-varicella protein S deficiency. Hemo and therapeutic approaches to patients with acquired von Willebrand philia Study Group. Extracorporeal immunoadsorption for Zeitler H, Ulrich-Merzenich G, Panek D, et al. Acquired hemophilia A: a review Zeitler H, Goldmann G, Marquardt N, Ulrich-Merzenich G. Longstanding complex regional pain syndrome is associated with activating autoantibodies against alpha-1a adrenoceptors. Cryoglobulinemia is associated with a wide variety of dis eases including lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, and viral infections. Survival at 12 months was statistically higher in the rituximab group compared with conventional therapy (64% vs 4%, respectively). It has been used mostly in active moderate to severe cryoglobulinemia with renal impairment (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis), neuropathy, arthralgia and/or ulcerating purpura. Treatment for hepatitis C virus globulinemia: clinical study of 15 patients and response to treatment. Patients should be monitored and responses in skin, blood and lymph nodes documented as per published guidelines. References of the identified articles were searched for additional Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and cases and trials.

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